A. PENGERTIAN FOTOSINTESISFotosinte

A. PENGERTIAN FOTOSINTESIS
Fotosintesis adalah proses pembuatan molekul makanan berenergi tinggi dari komponen yang lebih sederhana, yang dilakukan oleh tumbuhan autotrof (tumbuhan yang dapat membuat makanan sendiri). Fotosintesis berasal dari kata foton yang artinya “cahaya” dan sintesis yang artinya “penyusun”, jadi fotosintesis juga diartikan dengan proses biokimiawi yang dilakukan oleh tumbuhan untuk menghasilkan energi (nutrisi) dengan memanfaatkan energi cahaya.

Daun merupakan komponen utama pada tumbuhan yang berperan dalam fotosintesis ini, pada daun terdapat klorofil (zat hijau daun), nah klorofil inilah yang akan menyerap energi matahari sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan energi (nutrisi).

Artikel Penunjang : Struktur danFungsi Jaringan Tumbuhan

Fotosintesis berperan sangat penting bagi seluruh kehidupan organik di bumi. Karena selain menghasilkan energi, proses fotosintesis juga akan menghasilkan oksigen untuk kehidupan manusia dan makhluk hidup lainnya.

Artikel Penunjang : Perbedaan SelHewan dan Sel Tumbuhan


B. FUNGSI FOTOSINTESIS

Fungsi utama fotosintesis adalah untuk memproduksi glukosa sebagai sumber energi utama bagi tumbuhan, dengan adanya glukosa ini akan terbentuk sumber energi lemak dan protein pula. Nah zat-zat ini akan menjadi sumber makanan bagi manusia dan hewan, oleh karena itu proses fotosintesis ini sangat penting dalam kehidupan kita.
Prose Fotosintesis dapat membersihkan udara. Udara dibersihkan dengan diserapnya karbondioksida dan dihasilkannya oksigen. Sehingga sering kita dengar penanaman pohon untuk membersihkan lingkungan, karena ada proses fotosintesis inilah pohon bisa berguna untuk membersihkan udara kita.
Kemampuan fotosintesis tumbuhan pada masa hidupnya akan membuat sisa sisa tumbuhan tersebut tertimbun di dalam tanah. Timbunan dari tumbuhan dalam waktu yang lama akan membuatnya menjadi batu bara yang merupakan bahan baku dan sumber energi pada kehidupan modern.



C. PROSES FOTOSINTESIS
Sebelum memulai penjelasan, silahkan diperhatikan bagan di bawah terlebih dahulu.
Berdasarkan bagan tersebut maka secara singkat proses fotosintesis dapat dijelaskan sebagai berikut :

Dalam proses fotosintesis ada 4 bahan yang harus dimiliki, yaitu :

Karbondikoksida (CO2)
Air
Cahaya Matahari
Klorofil



Karbondikosida akan diambil oleh Stomata (mulut daun) pada daun tumbuhan dari udara bebas, kemudian air diambil melalui akar tumbuhan dan diangkut komponen pengangkut pada tumbuhan, kemudian Cahaya matahari akan diambil dalam bentuk energi oleh klorofil (zat hijau daun). Semua proses ini akan berlangsung membentuk suatu reaksi dan menghasilkan Oksigen serta Glukosa.
Setelah terdapat glukosa pada tumbuhan, nutrisi ini akan diubah menjadi lemak, protein, dan nutrisi lainnya. Jadi pada fotosintesis terjadi reaksi yang sangat kompleks, namun secara singkat reaksinya berlangsung seperti yang telah kami jelaskan.


D. TAHAP-TAHAP REAKSI FOTOSINTESIS
Proses fotosintesis yang terjadi di Kloroplas terdiri atas 2 reaksi, yaitu reaksi terang dan reaksi gelap.


1. Reaksi Terang
Dikatakan reaksi terang karena dalam prosesnya reaksi ini membutuhkan cahaya matahari. Reaksi ini terjadi di salah satu ruang kosong pada kloroplas yang disebut membran tilakoid. Dalam reaksi terang, klorofil akan menyerap cahaya dari matahari, energi yang didapat dari cahaya matahari akan digunakan untuk memecah molekul air menjadi molekul oksigen dan hidrogen. Reaksi ini disebut sebagai fotolisis, dan dapat digambarkan dengan reaksi berikut.


2. Reaksi Gelap
Sesuai dengan namanya reaksi gelap merupakan reaksi yang tidak bergantung pada cahaya. Inti dari proses reaksi gelap merupakan pengubahan Karbondioksida (CO2) menjadi glukosa. Reaksi gelap ini terjadi pada bagian stroma kloroplas. Reaksi gelap hanya akan terjadi sesudah terjadinya reaksi terang, dan proses reaksi gelap sangat kompleks, karena pengubahan Karbondioksida (CO2)

E.FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI FOTOSINTESIS

1. Faktor Internal
Faktror internal adalah faktor yang berasal dari tumbuhan itu sendiri. Artinya, setiap tumbuhan yang berbeda jenis, walaupun hidup dalam keadaan lingkungan yang sama akan berbeda pula reaksi fotosintesisnya, dapat kita katakan faktor internal merupakan faktor hereditas (keturunan).

Pada beberapa jenis tumbuhan, ada yang tidak bisa membentuk klorofil (albino) sehingga akan sangat berpengaruh terhadap raksi fotosintesisnya.

2. Faktor Eksternal
a. Kandungan Air dan Mineral dalam tanah
Seperti yang telah kami jelaskan tadi sahabat, air merupakan salah satu bahan baku yang digunakan untuk reaksi fotosintesis jadi semakin banyak air dalam tanah semakin bagus reaksi tersebut. Karena Fotosintesis sangat bergantung dari penyerapan air oleh akar tumbuhan tersebut.

b. Temperatur
Fotosintesis merupakan reaksi yang tergantung kepada enzim, sedangkan kerja enzim ini dipengaruhi oleh suhu. Enzim tidak bisa bekerja pada suhu kurang dari 5 derajat Celcius dan diatar 50 derajat celcius, jika suhu tidak sesuai maka fotosintesis tidak akan terjadi. Suhu terbaik untuk proses fotosintesis adalah diantara 28 – 30 derajat celcius.

c. Kandungan CO2 di udara
Kandungan CO2 di udara sekitar 0.03 persen, semakin banyak CO2 akan semakin baik rekasi yang terjadi.

d. Kandungan O2
Rendahnya kandungan O2 di udara dan di dalam tanah akan menghambat respirasi tumbuhan. Remdajmua respirasi ini juga akan menghambat pembentukan energi oleh tumbuhan tersebut.

Hasil (Inggris) 1:

A. UNDERSTANDING PHOTOSYNTHESISPhotosynthesis is the process of making high energy food molecules from simpler components, carried out by plants autotroph (a plant that can make your own food). Photosynthesis comes from the word Photon, which means "light" and "synthesis", so the compiler of photosynthesis is also defined by the process conducted by the biochemistry of plants to produce energy (nutrients) by utilizing light energy.The main component of leaves on plants that play a role in photosynthesis, on the leaves there is chlorophyll (the substance of the green leaves), well this is the chlorophyll will absorb solar energy so that it can be utilized to generate energy (nutrients). Article: Supporting structure of danFungsi Plant TissuePhotosynthesis role was very important for the whole organic life on Earth. Because in addition to generating energy, photosynthesis will also produce oxygen for human beings and other living beings. Article: Supporting the difference SelHewan and plant cellB. THE FUNCTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS The main function of photosynthesis is to produce glucose as the main energy source for the plant, with the presence of this glucose is formed energy sources of fat and protein as well. Well these substances will be a source of food for humans and animals, therefore the process of photosynthesis is very important in our lives. The Photosynthesis can clear the air. The air is cleaned by the adoption of carbon dioxide and oxygen generation. So often we hear planting trees to clean up the environment, because there is this tree photosynthesis process can be useful for cleaning up our air. The ability of photosynthesis of plants at the time of his life will make the rest of the rest of the plants being buried in the ground. Heap of plants in a long time will make it into the coal which is a raw material and an energy source on modern life.C. THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESISBefore starting the explanation, please note the chart below first.Based on the chart then briefly the process of photosynthesis can be described as follows:In the process of photosynthesis are no 4 a must-have ingredient, namely: Karbondikoksida (CO2) Water Sun Light Chlorophyll Karbondikosida will be taken by the Stomata (the mouth of the leaf) on the leaves of plants from the air, then water is drawn through the roots of the plant and transported the transport components in plants, then the Sun's light will be taken in the form of energy by chlorophyll (the substance of the green leaves). All of these processes will take place form a reaction and produce Oxygen and glucose. After there is glucose in plants, these nutrients are converted into fat, protein, and other nutrients. So on photosynthesis reaction occurs which is very complex, but in a nutshell the reaction takes place as we've described. D. THE STAGES OF REACTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESISThe process of photosynthesis that occurs in the Chloroplast consists of two reactions, i.e. reactions to light and dark reactions.1. Light ReactionsThe reaction is said to be the light reaction in the process because it takes light from the Sun. This reaction occurs in one of the empty space of the chloroplast membrane called tilakoid. In reaction to light, chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the Sun, which is obtained from the Sun's light will be used to break water molecules into molecular oxygen and hydrogen. These reactions are known as photolysis, and can be described by the following reaction.2. Dark ReactionsIn accordance with its name the dark reaction is a reaction that is not dependent on light. The core of the dark reaction process is the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into glucose. This dark reactions occur in the stroma of chloroplasts. Dark reaction will only occur after the onset of the reaction of light, and dark reaction process is very complex, because of the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2)E. FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS1. Internal factorsInternal Faktror is the factor that comes from the plant itself. That is, each different type of vegetation, although living in a State of the same environment will be different reactions of fotosintesisnya, we can say the internal factor is heredity factors (descendants).In some plant species, there can not form chlorophyll (albino) so it will be very influential towards raksi fotosintesisnya.2. External factorsa. content of the water and the Minerals in the soilAs we have explained above, water is one of the raw materials used for the reaction of photosynthesis so the more water in the soil is getting great reaction. Since Photosynthesis is heavily dependent of water absorption by the roots of plants.b. TemperaturePhotosynthesis is the reaction depends on the enzyme, whereas the enzyme's work is influenced by temperature. The enzyme cannot work at a temperature of less than 5 degrees Celsius and diatar 50 degrees Celsius, if the temperature is not appropriate then photosynthesis would not occur. The best temperature for the process of photosynthesis is among 28 – 30 degrees Celsius.c. CO2 Content in the airThe CO2 content in the air of about 0.03 percent, the more CO2 will be the better reaction is going on.d. content of O2The low content of O2 in the air and on the ground will inhibit the respiration of plants. Remdajmua respiration will also inhibit the formation of energy by plants.

Hasil (Inggris) 2:

A. UNDERSTANDING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis is the process of making high-energy food molecules from simpler components, performed by autotrof plants (plants that can make a meal in itself). Photosynthesis is derived from the photons, which means "light" and synthesis, which means "constituent", so photosynthesis is also defined by the biochemical processes undertaken by plants to produce energy (nutrients) by utilizing light energy. The leaves are the main components in plants that play a role in photosynthesis This, the leaves are chlorophyll (the green substance), well this is what will chlorophyll absorbs solar energy that can be harnessed to produce energy (nutrition). Article Supporting structures Network danFungsi Plant Photosynthesis very important role for all organic life on earth. Because in addition to producing energy, photosynthesis process will also produce oxygen for human life and other living creatures. Article Supporting: Differences SelHewan and Plant Cells B. PHOTOSYNTHESIS FUNCTION The main function of photosynthesis is to produce glucose as the main energy source for the plant, in the presence of glucose will be formed energy sources of fat and protein as well. Well these substances will be a source of food for humans and animals, therefore the process of photosynthesis is very important in our lives. Prose Photosynthesis can clear the air. The air cleaned by absorbed carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. So often we hear the planting of trees to clean up the environment, because there is this process of photosynthesis of trees can be useful to clean up our air. The ability of photosynthesis of plants in his lifetime would make the rest of the rest of the plant is buried in the ground. Heaps of plants for a long time will make it a coal which is the raw material and energy source in modern life. C. PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Before starting the description, please note the chart below first. Based on the chart it is briefly the process of photosynthesis can be explained as follows: In the process of photosynthesis there are four ingredients that must be held, namely: Karbondikoksida (CO2) Air Sunshine Chlorophyll Karbondikosida be taken by Stomata (mouth leaves) on the leaves of plants from the air, then the water is taken through plant roots and transported carrier components in plants, then sunlight will be taken in the form of energy by chlorophyll (the green substance). All this process will take place to form a reaction and produce oxygen and glucose. Once the glucose contained in plants, these nutrients are converted into fat, protein, and other nutrients. So the reaction of photosynthesis is very complex, but in short reaction takes place as we have explained. D. STAGES OF REACTION PHOTOSYNTHESIS The process of photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts consists of two reactions, namely the light reaction and a dark reaction. 1. Light reaction said light reaction because the reaction process requires sunlight. This reaction occurs in one of the empty space on the so-called thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. In the light reaction, chlorophyll absorbs light from the sun, the energy gained from solar light will be used to split water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen molecules. This reaction is called photolysis, and can be described by the following reaction. 2. Dark reaction As the name implies Dark reaction is a reaction that is not dependent on light. The core of the dark reactions is the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into glucose. This dark reactions occur in the chloroplast stroma. Dark reaction will occur only after the light reaction and a dark reaction process is very complex, because the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) E.FAKTOR FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1. Internal factors Faktror internal factor is derived from the plant itself. That is, each of a different plant species, although living under the same environment will be different reaction of photosynthesis, we can say internal factors are heredity (ancestry). In some species, there can not form chlorophyll (albino) so it will be very Raksi effect on photosynthesis. 2. External factors a. Water and mineral content of the soil As we have explained earlier companions, water is one of the raw materials used for the photosynthesis reaction so more and more water in the soil, the better the reaction. Because Photosynthesis is very dependent on the absorption of water by the plant roots. B. Temperatures Photosynthesis is a reaction that depends on the enzyme, while the enzyme is affected by temperature. Enzymes can not work at temperatures below 5 degrees Celsius and 50 degrees Celsius diatar, if the temperature does not match the photosynthesis will not occur. The best temperature for photosynthesis is between 28-30 degrees Celsius. C. CO2 content in the air CO2 content in the air around 0:03 percent, more CO2 will get better reactions that occur. D. The content of O2 Low O2 content in the air and in the soil will inhibit plant respiration. Remdajmua respiration will also inhibit the formation of energy by the plants.

Hasil (Inggris) 3:

A.有fotosintesis
fotosintesis是散文pembuatan交换makanan berenergi高达日公司杨更简单的事，杨在tumbuhan autotrof（tumbuhan阳，使makanan自己）。fotosintesis出于卡塔福田杨artinya”该“丹杨”penyusun”artinya抑制，所以，diartikan fotosintesis，散文biokimiawi杨的事，在tumbuhan menghasilkan Energi（nutrisi），memanfaatkan Energi公司。这是

道恩公司公司在tumbuhan杨berperan在fotosintesis ini，在道恩有klorofil（昭通Hijau道恩），不klorofil从杨必menyerap Energi Matahari，可以dimanfaatkan，menghasilkan Energi（nutrisi）。

发现penunjang：结构danfungsi网tumbuhan

fotosintesis berperan这是为全kehidupan Organik地。因为除了menghasilkan Energi，散文也要fotosintesis menghasilkan oksigen，kehidupan人丹等

makhluk万岁。本文penunjang：perbedaan selhewan丹SEL tumbuhan


B.功能fotosintesis

软公司fotosintesis是，memproduksi glukosa，该能源公司为tumbuhan，用adanya glukosa ini要terbentuk Sumber Energi椰浆饭丹蛋白普拉。不必为该makanan昭通昭通ini，人丹河湾，所以，在ITU的散文fotosintesis ini是kehidupan喜多。
散文fotosintesis，身乌达拉。乌达拉dibersihkan，diserapnya karbondioksida丹dihasilkannya oksigen。使我们有份同行，penanaman身保护，因为艾达的散文要有fotosintesis比萨什么，身乌达拉喜多。
kemampuan fotosintesis tumbuhan在马萨要造定方案tumbuhan缝制，里面也tertimbun方案。timbunan达日tumbuhan在杨喇嘛要membuatnya巴图巴拉巴杨，这是巴库丹该是Energi在kehidupan现代。



C.散文fotosintesis
未完成penjelasan，silahkan diperhatikan蒲迪在
不但行。berdasarkan开始缝制，MAKA为微小一散文，dijelaskan fotosintesis，berikut：

在散文fotosintesis艾达4巴杨要dimiliki，就是：

karbondikoksida（CO2）
空气
该Matahari
klorofil



karbondikosida要在生命从气孔（口道恩）在道恩tumbuhan达日乌达拉就，然后从该空气的生命从tumbuhan丹diangkut公司pengangkut在tumbuhan，然后该都要在klorofil Energi在生命从强（昭通Hijau道恩）。都要有个reaksi散文ini是丹menghasilkan oksigen舒达glukosa。
就有glukosa在tumbuhan，nutrisi ini要diubah为椰浆饭，蛋白，丹nutrisi等。这样，在fotosintesis也reaksi效果非常复杂，但有一样reaksinya上微小一杨，卡米jelaskan。


D. tahap-tahap reaksi fotosintesis
散文fotosintesis杨迪kloroplas也由2 reaksi ATAS，就是reaksi特兰丹reaksi之中。


1。reaksi公司
说reaksi公司因为在prosesnya reaksi ini需要该日头。reaksi ini也迪Salah一至室在kloroplas杨disebut膜tilakoid。在reaksi特兰，klorofil要menyerap该达日日头，是Energi杨didapat达日该短语，都要memecah交换空气，oksigen丹氢交换。reaksi INI disebut为fotolisis，丹，digambarkan，reaksi berikut。


2。reaksi之中
的，这是reaksi杨名reaksi之中不bergantung在该。英迪从散文reaksi之中这是pengubahan karbondioksida（CO2）为glukosa。reaksi之中也在一间kloroplas INI。reaksi之中韩亚要发生terjadinya了reaksi特兰，丹散文之中，reaksi复杂，因为pengubahan karbondioksida（CO2）

E.faktor-faktor杨mempengaruhi fotosintesis

1。该内部
faktror内部是该阳出于自己tumbuhan ITU。artinya，都tumbuhan杨和入方式的不同型态，虽然仍活在保护杨大人要和入方式的不同，我们fotosintesisnya普拉reaksi，当该内部这是该遗传（他们）。

PADA了该tumbuhan，艾达杨不比萨是klorofil（白化），就要berpengaruh向raksi fotosintesisnya

2。该eksternal
A. kandungan气丹在地如在
矿物杨卡米jelaskan Tadi公司，这是他一把汗的巴库风阳digunakan，reaksi fotosintesis加迪semakin有空气，也semakin reaksi缝制好。因为这fotosintesis bergantung达日和空气在该tumbuhan缝制。

B.温度
fotosintesis这是reaksi杨tergantung，enzim作业，但enzim INI dipengaruhi在苏沪。enzim比萨在不在苏沪月租5德拉杰德摄氏丹Diatar 50德拉杰德摄氏度，若不fotosintesis苏沪的马克莱莱也必不发生。苏虎王，是散文fotosintesis diantara 28–30德拉杰德摄氏度。

C. kandungan CO2二乌达拉
kandungan CO2二乌达拉平均0.03人，semakin有CO2要semakin Baik rekasi阳也。

D. kandungan O2
rendahnya kandungan O2迪乌达拉丹里面也要menghambat respirasi tumbuhan。remdajmua respirasi ini也要menghambat pembentukan Energi在tumbuhan缝制。